An analysis of the management of packaging within new product development : an investigation in the UK food and drinks sectors

Packaging plays a key role in product success within the highly competitive food and drinks sectors of the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry. However, relatively little has been written about packaging in the marketing management literature. The majority of published research focuses on the marketing communications aspects of packaging. As a result, whilst there is substantial literature revealing the significance of packaging in purchasing decisions and perceptions of the product, its role in product development and the creation of new opportunities has been largely overlooked. Against this background, the research examines the management of packaging development within the FMCG industry: in particular, the food and drinks sectors. The purpose of the study is twofold: to examine how the development of a new product’s packaging is managed and integrated into the new product development (NPD) process of firms; and to explore how firms in the industry manage the opportunities that new packaging development may provide. The research finds that in their packaging development, most firms focus on ‘skindeep’ issues, such as the development of the label, and aesthetic modifications to the body of the packaging, such as changing the colour of a bottle. The analysis reveals three distinct levels of packaging development and argues that the development of new packaging formats and genuine packaging innovation is being overlooked by firms. The framework developed from the research reveals that the orientation of packaging development (skin-deep, aesthetic body modifications, or technological format change) is influenced by internal packaging capability, perceptions of the production process, the role of buyers, and concerns over the impact of changes on the product’s retailing. This in turn impacts on the role of the consumer and suppliers in development. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing new insight into the relationship between packaging development and NPD. The framework generated contributes to the existing stage based models of NPD by revealing that previous research has largely failed to analyse packaging development at the level of technological and format change. The findings also have implications for firms, identifying a need to re-examine their packaging development activities, to ensure that these address all three levels; not merely ‘skin-deep’ packaging.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

An analysis of the management of packaging within new product development : an investigation in the UK food and drinks sectors

Packaging plays a key role in product success within the highly competitive food and drinks sectors of the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry. However, relatively little has been written about packaging in the marketing management literature. The majority of published research focuses on the marketing communications aspects of packaging. As a result, whilst there is substantial literature revealing the significance of packaging in purchasing decisions and perceptions of the product, its role in product development and the creation of new opportunities has been largely overlooked. Against this background, the research examines the management of packaging development within the FMCG industry: in particular, the food and drinks sectors. The purpose of the study is twofold: to examine how the development of a new product’s packaging is managed and integrated into the new product development (NPD) process of firms; and to explore how firms in the industry manage the opportunities that new packaging development may provide. The research finds that in their packaging development, most firms focus on ‘skindeep’ issues, such as the development of the label, and aesthetic modifications to the body of the packaging, such as changing the colour of a bottle. The analysis reveals three distinct levels of packaging development and argues that the development of new packaging formats and genuine packaging innovation is being overlooked by firms. The framework developed from the research reveals that the orientation of packaging development (skin-deep, aesthetic body modifications, or technological format change) is influenced by internal packaging capability, perceptions of the production process, the role of buyers, and concerns over the impact of changes on the product’s retailing. This in turn impacts on the role of the consumer and suppliers in development. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing new insight into the relationship between packaging development and NPD. The framework generated contributes to the existing stage based models of NPD by revealing that previous research has largely failed to analyse packaging development at the level of technological and format change. The findings also have implications for firms, identifying a need to re-examine their packaging development activities, to ensure that these address all three levels; not merely ‘skin-deep’ packaging.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The Reasons for the Rise in Childhood Mortality During the 1980s in Zambia

Between 1980 and 1991 the proportion of Zambian children dying before reaching five years of age rose from 15 to 19 percent. This paper explores why this happened. There are no data on trends in morbidity. However, there is information about the number of visits to health facilities each year by children with common illnesses. They increased for malaria but fell for diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection. This does not suggest a dramatic increase in the incidence of these illnesses. There also was no evidence of an increase in malnutrition. The HIV epidemic began to affect health by the end of the decade, but it does not fully explain the large increase in childhood mortality. Government health expenditure fell substantially, in real terms, during the 1980s. There was a particularly sharp fall in non-personnel expenditure on rural health services. This appears to have had a negative impact on the effectiveness of primary health care. Zambian mothers were as likely as mothers elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa to consult a health worker when their child fell ill, but their child was less likely to receive specific drug therapy. One sign that health services had deteriorated was that case fatality rates rose in health facilities. Childhood mortality varies considerably between Zambian districts. This variation cannot be explained by differences in levels of poverty or malnutrition. However, there is a negative relationship between the proportion of medically supported births and childhood mortality. This suggests that certain health services can reduce the proportion of children who die. Many deaths could have been prevented during the 1980s if all district health services had performed as well as the best. More work is needed to identify the factors which enabled some districts to provide better health services than others. Unless strong measures are taken to reverse the trend, childhood mortality could continue to rise